Ketogenic Diet as a potential treatment for Autism

July 17, 2019 3490 views

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome. It begins before three years of age and is characterized by pervasive deficits in social interaction, impairment in communication, and stereotyped patterns of interests and activities. To date, no known causes have been identified that fully explain the occurrence of ASD. Instead, the etiology of ASD appears to be attributed to complex behavioral phenotypes as well as the involvement of various genetic and environmental factors. While the ketogenic diet is gaining attention due to its proven effect on neurological conditions, it is not well studied for its efficacy in ameliorating symptoms and severity of Autism. However, a recent case-control study examining a Ketogenic Diet versus a Gluten-Free Casein-Free (GFCG) diet in children with autism offers preliminary evidence that a modified ketogenic diet may safely and effectively improve symptoms and severity of Autism in children.

While the GFCF is a popular diet that has been used for ameliorating gastrointestinal manifestations of ASD such as bloating, diarrhea, and discomfort that often occurs in autistic children, it has not shown to effectively impact behavior in controlled clinical studies. Conversely, the study being discussed in this article found that the Ketogenic Diet appeared to ameliorate more of the core symptoms of ASD.

Ketogenic Diet vs Gluten Free Casein Free Diet in Autism study

Study: “Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study.” [Link]

In this study, all patients were administered the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and Autism Treatment Evaluation Test (ATEC) scales examination before and 6 months after starting the diet they were randomized for.

ATEC and CARS

The Autism Treatment Evaluation Test (ATEC) is a 77-item questionnaire that was developed by the Autism Research Institute to diagnose and assess autism in individuals. ATEC is most often used as a means to evaluate the progress of an intervention. The ATEC consists of four subscales, evaluating:

• Speech/Language/Communication
• Sociability
• Sensory/ Cognitive Awareness
• Health/Physical/Behavior

The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is a behavior rating scale that assesses behavior in 14 domains that are affected by autism. The maximum CARS score is 60, while the cut off value for ASD is 30. A score of less than 30 is considered non-autistic. Scores of 30 to 37 are rated as mild-moderate ASD, and 37. 5 to 60 as severe ASD. The CARS scale evaluates the following in individuals:

• Relationship to people
• Imitation
• Emotional response
• Body
• Object use
• Adaptation to change
• Visual response
• Listening response
• Taste-smell-touch response and use
• Fear and nervousness
• Verbal communication
• Non-verbal communication
• Activity level
• Level and consistency of intellectual response
• General impressions

ATEC and CARS scores in Modified Ketogenic Diet Group

ATEC scores (p = 0.003) (S-value = 8.38), and overall ATEC score improvement for modified Keto Diet were significantly decreased, (P-value = 0.0001)( S-value= 13.29) indicating a decrease in the severity of ASD symptoms. In other words, the data is more surprising than getting all heads on 13 fair coin tosses. Further, in the ATEC subgroups there was a statistically significant improvement in speech (p = 0.004) (S-value = 7.97), sociability (p = 0.034) (S-value = 4.88) and cognitive awareness (p = 0.0001 (S-value: 13.29).

The group randomized to the modified ketogenic diet showed significant improvements in CARS scores (p = 0.001) (S-value = 9.97). Before the start of the modified ketogenic diet, no mild cases of autism were found compared to 4 after end of the diet. Before start of the diet, 6 cases were classified as moderate compared to only 2 after the end of the diet. And the CARS score was severe in 9 patients before diet start of the diet, compared to only 4 patients after the end.

ATEC and CARS scores in Gluten-Free Casein-Free Group

Patients who received the GFCF diet showed significant improvement in autism symptoms before and after receiving the diet as evidenced by CARS and ATEC autism scores. Like the modified ketogenic diet, the total ATEC scores were also significantly decreased, (P-value = 0.0001)( S-value: 13.29) indicating a decrease in the severity of ASD symptom as well. In other words, the data is more surprising than getting all heads on 13 fair coin tosses. In the ATEC subgroups there was a statistically significant improvement in speech (p = 0.011) (s = 6.51) and behavior (p = 0.011) (s = 6.51). However, unlike the modified ketogenic diet, no significant changes to sociability and cognitive awareness occurred.

Before the start of the gluten-free casein-free diet, no patients were classified as mild grade before the start of the diet in comparison to the 2 patients after the end of the diet. CARS scores were moderate in 3 patients before the start of the diet, compared to 10 patients after the diet. CARS scores were severe in 12 patients before the GFCG diet, compared to only 3 patients after diet.

Discussion

In short, both the ketogenic diet and GFCF groups showed significant improvement in both ATEC and CARS scores in comparison to the control group. From these results, the authors concluded that a modified ketogenic diet and gluten free casein free diet may safely improve autistic symptoms and severity, and could be recommended for children with ASD. While this is excellent news as available medical treatments are limited in their ability to address core symptoms of ASD, more research is necessary to determine the ketogenic diet’s efficacy and long-term safety. To avoid potential adverse effects of the ketogenic diet, speak with a physician before implementing a ketogenic diet or gluten-free casein free diet for autism.